Why inflammatory markers rise in STD/PID.

The reproductive organs can be affected by bacteria that cause STDs and PIDs. The immune system produces inflammatory markers in response to infection or injury. They help indicate inflammation and its severity in the body. When STDs are present, markers of inflammation such as CRP (C-reactive Protein), ESR (erythrocyte segregation rate), and proinflammatory cytokines will increase. This is due to an immune response.

As soon as bacteria infect the reproductive system, the immune response is triggered. The immune cells release inflammatory mediators such as interleukins and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) that stimulate the production of CRP and other acute phase proteins in the liver. CRP, a protein which binds bacterial cell wall and activates complement activation as part of the immune system’s innate response to invading microbes. ESR measures how fast red blood cell settles to the tube bottom. This increases as a result of inflammation of reproductive organs.

When STDs are untreated or inadequately treated, bacteria from the vagina and cervix can infect the uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. This inflammation triggers production of markers that indicate inflammation. PID is an untreated STD complication that can cause the bacteria to spread from the vagina, cervix, or fallopian tube into the uterus and ovaries. Inflammation can result in scarring or adhesions of the reproductive organs. This can lead to chronic pain, infertility and ectopic pregnancies.

The immune system’s response to infection is responsible for the increase of inflammatory markers in STD/PID. In response to the invasion of bacteria in the reproductive organs, the immune system releases CRP and ESR as well as pro-inflammatory cells. Inflammatory markers increase can help diagnose and predict STD/PID. The early diagnosis and treatment for STDs may prevent PID from developing and lower the risk of complications.