Describe in detail, the process of energy extraction from one of the pathways discussed this term.

Herzing University: Energy and chemistry| chemistry | Herzing University

There are several steps involved in the process of extracting energy from the citric cycle. Citrate is created by combining oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA in the presence an enzyme known as citrate synase. In addition to two water molecules and a coenzyme-A molecule, this reaction releases another molecule. Aconitase is used to transform citrate back into its isomer of isocitrate. The oxidative process of decarboxylation is then carried out by isocitrate-dehydrogenase, which releases one CO2 molecule and one NADH+H+ molecule. The alpha-ketoglutarate is then decarboxylated by the alpha-ketoglutarate-dehydrogenase, releasing NADH+H+ and another CO2 molecule. It then transfers the high energy thioester bonds to a GTP carrier protein, which releases enough energy to form ATP. This last step converts fumarate to malate, which is then used for other metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis and gluconeogenesis.